How Did The Civil Rights Movement Change
The civil rights movement was a struggle for social justice that took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s for Blackness Americans to gain equal rights under the law in the United states. The Civil State of war had officially abolished slavery, but information technology didn't end discrimination against Black people—they continued to endure the devastating effects of racism, peculiarly in the Southward. By the mid-20th century, Black Americans had had more plenty of prejudice and violence confronting them. They, along with many white Americans, mobilized and began an unprecedented fight for equality that spanned two decades.
WATCH: The Civil Rights Move on HISTORY Vault
Jim Crow Laws
During Reconstruction, Black people took on leadership roles similar never before. They held public office and sought legislative changes for equality and the right to vote.
In 1868, the 14th Subpoena to the Constitution gave Black people equal protection under the constabulary. In 1870, the 15th Amendment granted Blackness American men the right to vote. Still, many white Americans, especially those in the Due south, were unhappy that people they'd once enslaved were now on a more-or-less equal playing field.
To marginalize Black people, proceed them split up from white people and erase the progress they'd made during Reconstruction, "Jim Crow" laws were established in the South beginning in the late 19th century. Black people couldn't employ the same public facilities as white people, live in many of the same towns or go to the aforementioned schools. Interracial marriage was illegal, and most Blackness people couldn't vote because they were unable to pass voter literacy tests.
READ More than: How Jim Crows Express African American Progress
Jim Crow laws weren't adopted in northern states; even so, Black people nevertheless experienced bigotry at their jobs or when they tried to purchase a house or go an education. To make matters worse, laws were passed in some states to limit voting rights for Black Americans.
Moreover, southern segregation gained ground in 1896 when the U.S. Supreme Courtroom alleged in Plessy v. Ferguson that facilities for Black and white people could be "separate but equal."
READ MORE: When Did African Americans Get the Right to Vote?
World State of war II and Civil Rights
Prior to World War II, most Black people worked as low-wage farmers, factory workers, domestics or servants. By the early 1940s, war-related piece of work was booming, but nearly Blackness Americans weren't given the better paying jobs. They were besides discouraged from joining the military.
After thousands of Black people threatened to march on Washington to demand equal employment rights, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25, 1941. Information technology opened national defense jobs and other regime jobs to all Americans regardless of race, creed, color or national origin.
Blackness men and women served heroically in Globe War II, despite suffering segregation and discrimination during their deployment. The Tuskegee Airmen bankrupt the racial barrier to become the first Blackness military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps and earned more than 150 Distinguished Flight Crosses. Yet many Blackness veterans were met with prejudice and scorn upon returning domicile. This was a stark dissimilarity to why America had entered the war to begin with—to defend freedom and democracy in the world.
As the Cold War began, President Harry Truman initiated a civil rights agenda, and in 1948 issued Executive Order 9981 to end discrimination in the military machine. These events helped set the stage for grass-roots initiatives to enact racial equality legislation and incite the civil rights movement.
READ MORE: Why Harry Truman Ended Segregation in the US Military
Rosa Parks
On December one, 1955, a 42-year-old woman named Rosa Parks found a seat on a Montgomery, Alabama motorcoach after piece of work. Segregation laws at the time stated Black passengers must sit down in designated seats at the back of the motorcoach, and Parks had complied.
When a white man got on the bus and couldn't find a seat in the white section at the front of the bus, the motorcoach driver instructed Parks and three other Black passengers to give up their seats. Parks refused and was arrested.
As word of her arrest ignited outrage and support, Parks unwittingly became the "mother of the modern day civil rights movement." Black customs leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) led by Baptist minister Martin Luther Rex Jr., a role which would identify him front and heart in the fight for civil rights.
Parks' courage incited the MIA to stage a boycott of the Montgomery bus system. The Montgomery Jitney Cold-shoulder lasted 381 days. On Nov 14, 1956 the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating was unconstitutional.
Little Rock Nine
In 1954, the civil rights movement gained momentum when the U.s.a. Supreme Court made segregation illegal in public schools in the case of Chocolate-brown 5. Lath of Education. In 1957, Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas asked for volunteers from all-Black high schools to attend the formerly segregated school.
On September 3, 1957, ix Black students, known as the Little Rock Nine, arrived at Central High School to brainstorm classes but were instead met past the Arkansas National Guard (on order of Governor Orval Faubus) and a screaming, threatening mob. The Little Stone 9 tried once more a couple of weeks later and made it within, but had to be removed for their safe when violence ensued.
Finally, President Dwight D. Eisenhower intervened and ordered federal troops to escort the Niggling Rock Ix to and from classes at Central High. Still, the students faced continual harassment and prejudice.
Their efforts, however, brought much-needed attention to the outcome of desegregation and fueled protests on both sides of the issue.
READ MORE: Why Eisenhower Sent the 101st Airborne to Picayune Rock After Brownish five. Board
Civil Rights Deed of 1957
Even though all Americans had gained the right to vote, many southern states made it difficult for Blackness citizens. They frequently required prospective voters of colour to have literacy tests that were confusing, misleading and about impossible to pass.
Wanting to show a commitment to the ceremonious rights movement and minimize racial tensions in the South, the Eisenhower administration pressured Congress to consider new civil rights legislation.
On September nine, 1957, President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law, the first major civil rights legislation since Reconstruction. Information technology allowed federal prosecution of anyone who tried to forestall someone from voting. It as well created a committee to investigate voter fraud.
Woolworth's Lunch Counter
Despite making some gains, Black Americans still experienced blatant prejudice in their daily lives. On February one, 1960, four college students took a stand confronting segregation in Greensboro, North Carolina when they refused to leave a Woolworth'southward lunch counter without being served.
Over the next several days, hundreds of people joined their cause in what became known every bit the Greensboro sit-ins. Later some were arrested and charged with trespassing, protesters launched a cold-shoulder of all segregated lunch counters until the owners caved and the original 4 students were finally served at the Woolworth's lunch counter where they'd first stood their footing.
Their efforts spearheaded peaceful sit down-ins and demonstrations in dozens of cities and helped launch the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee to encourage all students to get involved in the civil rights movement. Information technology likewise caught the eye of young college graduate Stokely Carmichael, who joined the SNCC during the Liberty Summer of 1964 to register Black voters in Mississippi. In 1966, Carmichael became the chair of the SNCC, giving his famous speech in which he originated the phrase "Black power."
READ More: How the Greensboro 4 Demonstration Sparked a Move
Freedom Riders
On May four, 1961, 13 "Freedom Riders"—seven Black and six white activists–mounted a Greyhound omnibus in Washington, D.C., embarking on a bus bout of the American due south to protestation segregated bus terminals. They were testing the 1960 conclusion by the Supreme Courtroom in Boynton 5. Virginia that alleged the segregation of interstate transportation facilities unconstitutional.
Facing violence from both police officers and white protesters, the Liberty Rides drew international attention. On Mother's Day 1961, the bus reached Anniston, Alabama, where a mob mounted the bus and threw a bomb into information technology. The Freedom Riders escaped the burning jitney, but were badly beaten. Photos of the bus engulfed in flames were widely circulated, and the group could not detect a bus commuter to accept them further. U.S. Chaser General Robert F. Kennedy (brother to President John F. Kennedy) negotiated with Alabama Governor John Patterson to detect a suitable driver, and the Freedom Riders resumed their journeying under police escort on May twenty. Merely the officers left the grouping once they reached Montgomery, where a white mob brutally attacked the bus. Attorney General Kennedy responded to the riders—and a call from Martin Luther King Jr.—by sending federal marshals to Montgomery.
On May 24, 1961, a group of Liberty Riders reached Jackson, Mississippi. Though met with hundreds of supporters, the grouping was arrested for trespassing in a "whites-but" facility and sentenced to xxx days in jail. Attorneys for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) brought the matter to the U.S. Supreme Courtroom, who reversed the convictions. Hundreds of new Liberty Riders were drawn to the crusade, and the rides continued.
In the fall of 1961, under force per unit area from the Kennedy administration, the Interstate Commerce Committee issued regulations prohibiting segregation in interstate transit terminals
HISTORY and Google Earth: Follow the Freedom Riders' Journey Against Segregation During the Civil Rights Era
March on Washington
Arguably i of the virtually famous events of the civil rights move took place on Baronial 28, 1963: the March on Washington. Information technology was organized and attended by civil rights leaders such equally A. Philip Randolph, Bayard Rustin and Martin Luther King Jr.
More 200,000 people of all races congregated in Washington, D. C. for the peaceful march with the primary purpose of forcing civil rights legislation and establishing job equality for everyone. The highlight of the march was King's speech in which he continually stated, "I take a dream…"
King's "I Have a Dream" speech galvanized the national ceremonious rights movement and became a slogan for equality and freedom.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Human action of 1964—legislation initiated by President John F. Kennedy before his bump-off—into law on July 2 of that year.
Rex and other ceremonious rights activists witnessed the signing. The law guaranteed equal employment for all, express the utilize of voter literacy tests and allowed federal authorities to ensure public facilities were integrated.
READ MORE: 8 Steps That Paved the Way to the Civil Rights Human activity of 1964
Bloody Sunday
On March seven, 1965, the civil rights motility in Alabama took an specially tearing turn as 600 peaceful demonstrators participated in the Selma to Montgomery march to protest the killing of Black civil rights activist Jimmie Lee Jackson by a white police officeholder and to encourage legislation to enforce the 15th amendment.
As the protesters neared the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they were blocked by Alabama state and local police sent by Alabama governor George C. Wallace, a vocal opponent of desegregation. Refusing to stand up down, protesters moved forward and were viciously beaten and teargassed by law and dozens of protesters were hospitalized.
The entire incident was televised and became known as "Bloody Sunday." Some activists wanted to retaliate with violence, just King pushed for nonviolent protests and eventually gained federal protection for another march.
Voting Rights Human activity of 1965
When President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into constabulary on August 6, 1965, he took the Ceremonious Rights Act of 1964 several steps further. The new law banned all voter literacy tests and provided federal examiners in certain voting jurisdictions.
Information technology also immune the attorney general to contest state and local poll taxes. As a consequence, poll taxes were later on declared unconstitutional in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections in 1966.
Function of the Act was walked back decades later, in 2013, when a Supreme Court conclusion ruled that Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act was unconstitutional, holding that the constraints placed on sure states and federal review of states' voting procedures were outdated.
Ceremonious Rights Leaders Assassinated
The civil rights movement had tragic consequences for two of its leaders in the late 1960s. On February 21, 1965, onetime Nation of Islam leader and Organisation of Afro-American Unity founder Malcolm 10 was assassinated at a rally.
On Apr 4, 1968, ceremonious rights leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient Martin Luther Rex Jr. was assassinated on his hotel room'southward balcony. Emotionally-charged looting and riots followed, putting fifty-fifty more pressure on the Johnson administration to push through boosted civil rights laws.
READ More than: Why People Rioted Later Martin Luther Male monarch Jr.'s Bump-off
Fair Housing Human action of 1968
The Fair Housing Deed became police force on April eleven, 1968, simply days later Male monarch'south assassination. It prevented housing discrimination based on race, sex, national origin and organized religion. Information technology was besides the last legislation enacted during the ceremonious rights era.
The civil rights motility was an empowering still precarious fourth dimension for Black Americans. The efforts of ceremonious rights activists and countless protesters of all races brought about legislation to end segregation, Black voter suppression and discriminatory employment and housing practices.
READ More than:
Civil Rights Motion Timeline
Half dozen Unsung Heroines of the Ceremonious Rights Movement
10 Things Yous May Not Know About Martin Luther Rex Jr.
Sources
A Cursory History of Jim Crow. Constitutional Rights Foundation.
Civil Rights Human activity of 1957. Civil Rights Digital Library.
Document for June 25th: Executive Order 8802: Prohibition of Discrimination in the Defense force Industry. National Archives.
Greensboro Dejeuner Counter Sit-In. African American Odyssey.
Piddling Rock School Desegregation (1957). The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Plant Stanford.
Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle. The Martin Luther Rex, Jr. Inquiry and Instruction Establish Stanford.
Rosa Marie Parks Biography. Rosa and Raymond Parks.
Selma, Alabama, (Bloody Sunday March 7, 1965). BlackPast.org.
The Civil Rights Movement (1919-1960s). National Humanities Center.
The Little Rock Ix. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior: Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site.
Turning Point: Earth State of war II. Virginia Historical Lodge.
Photograph Galleries
Martin Luther King Jr. Photographed by Friend, Flip Schulke
America in Mourning After MLK's Shocking Assassination
Source: https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement
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